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The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) is a federal wiretap law enacted in 1986. Like CIPA, it was originally designed to protect telephone and computer communications from interception. It is now widely used in class action litigation targeting website tracking technologies. This article explains the law, its three titles, and how businesses can manage exposure.

For companies doing business with residents of California, CCPA and CPRA compliance are required. Here’s how to protect your business.

The Alabama Personal Data Protection Act (APDPA), enacted through HB 351 in April 2026, establishes consumer rights over personal data and corresponding obligations for businesses processing data of Alabama residents. The law takes effect May 1, 2027 and includes notable distinctions around its applicability thresholds, sale definition, consent revocation, teen data protections, and cure period.

Originally a 1967 wiretapping law, CIPA is now central to a surge of U.S. privacy litigation targeting websites that deploy cookies, pixels, and session replay tools without prior user consent. We look at CIPA’s legal framework, key sections, how it differs from the CCPA, compliance, penalties, and how a consent management platform can reduce exposure.

The Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act was the second US state-level privacy law passed, in effect from January 1, 2023. It establishes consumers’ rights and companies’ responsibilities, and has been influential over subsequent data privacy laws passed in other states.